| Non-Rationalised Sociology NCERT Notes, Solutions and Extra Q & A (Class 11th & 12th) | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11th | 12th | ||||||||||||||||||
Class 11th Sociology NCERT Notes, NCERT Question Solutions and Extra Q & A (Non-Rationalised)
Introducing Sociology
1. Sociology And Society
This chapter introduces **Sociology** as the systematic study of society, focusing on social interactions, groups, and institutions. It explains how sociology emerged as a discipline, distinct from common sense, to understand social phenomena scientifically. The chapter discusses the relationship between sociology and other social sciences (history, political science, economics). It highlights the **importance of studying society** in a systematic way to understand the complexities of human behaviour, social structures, and social change in various contexts, including the diverse society of India.
2. Terms, Concepts And Their Use In Sociology
This chapter introduces fundamental **terms and concepts** used in sociology to analyze society. Concepts like **social groups** (primary, secondary), **status** (ascribed, achieved), **role** (expected behaviour), **social structure** (patterned relationships), and **social norms** (rules governing behaviour) are explained. The chapter emphasizes that sociologists use these concepts precisely to build a framework for understanding social reality. Applying these concepts allows for a more objective and analytical study of social phenomena, distinguishing sociological analysis from everyday observations, crucial for studying complex societies like India.
3. Understanding Social Institutions
This chapter explores **social institutions**, which are established and enduring patterns of social relationships and rules organized around fulfilling specific societal needs. Key social institutions discussed include the **family** (unit for reproduction, socialisation), **marriage** (socially recognized union), **religion** (beliefs and practices concerning the sacred), **economy** (production, distribution, consumption), and **polity** (governance). Understanding these institutions reveals how society is organized and how fundamental needs are met, shaping social order and individual lives, highly relevant in the context of India's diverse institutional landscape.
4. Culture And Socialisation
This chapter discusses **culture** and **socialisation**, two core sociological concepts explaining how individuals become part of a society. **Culture** refers to the shared beliefs, values, norms, customs, languages, and artifacts that characterize a group or society. **Socialisation** is the lifelong process through which individuals learn their culture and develop a sense of self, enabling them to function effectively in society. The chapter explores agents of socialisation (family, school, peers, media) and how culture is transmitted across generations, shaping individuals' identities and behaviour within diverse cultural contexts like India.
5. Doing Sociology: Research Methods
This chapter introduces the methods sociologists use to conduct research and study society systematically, moving beyond speculation. It discusses the scientific approach in sociology and different **research methods** used for collecting and analyzing data, such as surveys (questionnaires, interviews), observation (participant, non-participant), and analysis of existing documents. The chapter touches upon the steps in sociological research, from formulating a research question to data collection, analysis, and drawing conclusions. Understanding research methods is crucial for evaluating sociological studies and conducting empirical investigations of social phenomena in India.
Understanding Society
1. Social Structure, Stratification And Social Processes In Society
This chapter explores fundamental aspects of how societies are organized. It discusses **social structure**, the stable patterns of social relationships that make up society. **Social stratification** refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups into layers or strata based on factors like wealth, status, and power (e.g., class, caste system in India). **Social processes** are the recurring patterns of interaction between individuals and groups (e.g., cooperation, conflict, competition). Understanding these concepts provides a framework for analyzing inequalities and dynamics within any society.
2. Social Change And Social Order In Rural And Urban Society
This chapter examines the concepts of **social change** (transformations in social structure, institutions, and relationships over time) and **social order** (mechanisms maintaining stability and preventing chaos). It discusses different patterns and causes of social change (e.g., technological advancements, political events, cultural shifts). The chapter explores how social change and social order manifest differently in **rural and urban societies**, highlighting the distinct characteristics and challenges of villages and cities, particularly relevant in the context of India's rapid urbanization and ongoing rural transformations, and social movements.
3. Environment And Society
This chapter explores the complex interrelationship between the **environment** and **society**. It discusses how human societies depend on the natural environment for resources but also how human activities significantly impact the environment, leading to issues like pollution, deforestation, and climate change. The chapter examines different sociological perspectives on environmental problems and social movements advocating for environmental protection and sustainability. Understanding this relationship is crucial for addressing contemporary ecological crises and promoting environmentally conscious behaviour and policies in India and globally.
4. Introducing Western Sociologists
This chapter introduces key **Western sociologists** who laid the foundation of the discipline and developed important theories for understanding society. Thinkers like **Auguste Comte** (positivism), **Herbert Spencer** (social evolution), **Emile Durkheim** (social facts, division of labour, suicide), **Karl Marx** (class conflict, capitalism), and **Max Weber** (social action, bureaucracy, verstehen) are discussed. Their major ideas and contributions are explained, providing students with a historical overview of sociological thought and diverse theoretical perspectives for analyzing social phenomena across different societies.
5. Indian Sociologist
This chapter introduces prominent **Indian sociologists** who contributed to the study of Indian society using sociological perspectives. It discusses the work of scholars like **G.S. Ghurye** (on caste, tribes), **M.N. Srinivas** (on Sanskritisation, Westernisation, village studies), **Iravati Karve** (on kinship, caste), and **Andre Beteille** (on inequality, caste, class). Their contributions highlight how sociological concepts and methods are applied to understand the unique social structures, institutions, and changes within India, providing valuable insights into the complexities of Indian society from an indigenous perspective.